METEO 6030: Syllabus
Spring 2007

Week	Tuesday	Thursday
1 (Jan)	0. Logistics, Grads, 1. What is climate?	2. Observed structure
2	2. Observed structure	3. Global energy balance
3	3. Global energy balance	4. Radiative processes
4 (Feb)	4. Radiative processes	5. Surface processes
5	6. Hydrology	6. Hydrology
6	7. Variability and forcings	7. Variability and forcings
7 (Mar)	7. Variability and forcings	7. Variability and forcings
8	8. Sensitivity and feedbacks	8. Sensitivity and feedbacks
9	8. Sensitivity and feedbacks	8. Sensitivity and feedbacks
10	8. Sensitivity and feedbacks	8. Sensitivity and feedbacks
11 (Apr)	8. Sensitivity and feedbacks	9. General circulation
12	9. General circulation	9. General circulation
13	9. General circulation	9. General circulation
14	9. General circulation	9. General circulation

0. Intro: X-1

1. What is climate? 11-1

2. Observed structure: 35-2

3. Global energy: 31-2

Basic radiation laws

Emission temperature

Box models

Annual global mean energy balance

Greenhouse effect

Earth orbit

Average daily insolation

TOA energy balance

Meridional heat fluxes

Ocean transports

Thermohaline circulation

• Hansen J. et al. (2005): Earth’s energy imbalance: Confirmation and implications, Science, 308, 1431-.

4. Radiation: 35-2

Quantum physics

RCMs

Layer models

Convective adjustment

Radiative forcing: 2xco2

• Science (2006): Pollute the planet for climate’s sake, 314, 401-.
• Wigley, T. (2006): A combined mitigation/geoengineering approach to climate stabilization, Science, 314, 452-.

5. Surface: 18-1

Surface energy balance

Surface fluxes

Boundary layer

6. Hydrology: 37-2

Clouds

Cloud radiative forcing

Hydrological cycle

• Lettenmaier, D., and J. Famiglietti (2006): Water from on high, Nature, 444, 562.

Precipitation

Evaporation

Moisture

Clausius-Clapeyron Eq.

Lapse Rate

• Held, I. and B. Soden (2006): Robust responses of the hydrological cycle to global warming, J. Climate, 19, 5686-.

7. Variability and forcings: 72-4

Extreme events

• Sardeshmukh et al. (2000)
• Goswami, B. et al. (2006): Increasing trend of extreme rain events over India in a warming climate, Science, 314, 1442-.

Climate variability

Internal: AO, PNA, AAO

• Dommenget, D. and M. Latif (2002): A cautionary note on the interpretation of EOFs, J. Climate, 15, 216-.
• Dommenget, D. and M. Latif (2003): Reply, J. Climate, 16, 1094-.
• Behera, S. et al. (2003): Comments on “A cautionary note in the interpretation of EOFs”, 16, 1087-.

• Science (2007): Could mother nature give the warming Arctic a reprieve? 315, 36.
• Notaro, M. et al. (2006): Model and observational analysis of the Northeast U.S. regional climate and its relationship to the PNA and NAO patterns during early winter, MWR, 134, 3479-.
• Donald, A. et al. (2006): Near-global impact of the MJO on rainfall, GRL, 33, L09704.
• Barlow, M. and D. Salstein (2006): Summertime influence of the MJO on daily rainfall over Mexico and Central America, GRL, 33, L21708.

Stratospheric effects

• Baldwin M. et al. (2003): Weather from the stratosphere? Science, 301, 317-.

ENSO

• McPhaden et al. (2006): ENSO as an integrating concept in Earth sciences, Science, 314, 1740-.

External

Sun

• Roe, G. (2006): In defense of Milankovitch, GRL, 33, L24703
• Foukal, P. et al. (2006): Variations in solar luminosity and their effect on the Earth’s climate, , Nature, 443, 161-.

Volcanoes

8. Sensitivity and feedbacks: 123-7

Linear control theory

Climate sensitivity

Feedbacks

• Soden and Held (2006): An assessment of climate feedbacks in coupled ocean-atmosphere models, J. Climate, 19, 3354-.
• Bony, S. et al. (2006): How well do we understand and evaluate climate change feedback processes? J. Climate, 19, 3445-.

Water-Vapor f.

• Soden, B. (2000): Enlightening water vapor, Nature, 406, 247-.
• Soden et al. (2002): Global cooling after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo: A test of climate feedback by water vapor, Science, 296, 727-.

Surface albedo f.

• Comiso, J. (2006): Abrupt decline in the Arctic winter sea ice cover, GRL, 33, L18504.
• Nghiem, S., et al. (2006): Depletion of perennial sea ice in the East Arctic Ocean, GRL, 33, L17501.

Observed temperature trends

Energy balance models

• Lewis et al. (2006): Deglaciating the snowball Earth: Sensitivity to surface albedo, GRL, 33

Cloud feedbacks

Lapse rate f.

• Frierson, D. (2006): Robust increases in midlatitude static stability in simulations of global warming, GRL, 33, L24816.

Dynamical f.

• Held, I. (1993): Large scale dynamics and global warming, BAMS, 74 (2).
• Russell. J. et al. (2006): The southern hemisphere westerlies in a warming world: Propping open the door to the deep ocean, J. Climate, 19, 6382-.

Polar amplification

Surface energy f.

• Cazenave A. (2006): How fast are the ice sheets melting? Science, 314, 1250-.

Atmospheric chemical f.

Bio-Physical f.

• Montanez, I., et al. (2007): CO2-forced climate vegetation instability during late paleozoic deglaciation, Science, 315, 87-.
• Doney, S. (2006): Plankton in a warmer world, Nature, 444, 695-.
• Meskhidze N. and A. Nenes (2006): Phytoplankton and cloudiness in the southern ocean, Science, 314, 1419-.

Bio-Geochemical

Gaia and Daisy world

Transient climate response

Ocean penetration

• Barnett et al. (2005): Science

Time evolving energy balance

Climate change commitment

• Rahmstorf, S. (2006): A semi-empirical approach to projecting future sea-level rise, Science, 314

Climate forcings

History of forcings

• Simpson et al. (2006): Influence of biomass burning during recent fluctuation in the slow growth of global tropospheric methane, GRL, 33, L22808.
• Nature (2006): Methane quashes green credential of hydropower, 444, 524.

Aerosol and volcano forcings

• Andreae, M. (2007): Aerosols before pollution, Science, 315, 50-

9. General circulation: 123-7

History

Hadley cell

Ferrell cell

Polar cell

Trade Winds

ITCZ

Transients, Stationary waves

Zonal mean structure

Mean meridional circulation

Monsoon

Jets, momentum budget

Storm tracks

Walker circulation

• Vecchi et al. (2006): Weakening of tropical Pacific atmospheric circulation due to anthropogenic forcing, Nature, 441, 73-.

AM principle

Subtropical and eddy driven jets

Eddy momentum fluxes

Eddy heat fluxes

Global AM principle

AM constraint

Annulus experiment

Atmosphere as heat engine

Forms of atmospheric energy

Barotropic/baroclinic atmospheres

Energy transformation

Kinetic energy cycle

Atmospheric energy balance

Observed fluxes (heat, momentum water)

By eddies and MMC

======

485/27=18